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HISTORY OF MARYLAND 



A. LEO KNOTT 



Encyclopedia ^mcvicanu* 



HISTORY OF MARYLAND 

ITS AGRICULTURE, PRODUCTS, COMMERCE, 
MANUFACTURES AND STATISTICS. 



BY 



A. LEO KNOTT. 



BY PERfllSSION OF THE PUBLISHERS. 



Maryland is one of the 13 Original States 
and was tlie seventh to join the Union. It is on 
the South Atlantic coast, between lat. 37° 53' 
and 39° 43' N., and Ion. 75° 4' and 79° 33' W. 
It is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania and 
Delaware, east by Delaware and the Atlantic 
Ocean, and south and west by Virginia. The 
extreme length of the State from east to west 
is 240 miles ; its width from north to south is 
125 miles. The total area is 12.210 square miles. 
Land surface, 9,880 square miles ; water surface, 
2,350 square miles. The number of incorpo- 
rated cities, towns, and villages is 98. Popula- 
tion (1900) 1,188,044. Capital, Annapolis. Bal- 
timore is the chief commercial city and financial 
centre. 

Tnpo'^rat^hy. — The most marked physio- 
graphic feature of Maryland is its division by 



the Chesapeake Bay into two unequal parts 
known as the Eastern and Western Shores. 
Into this bay many affluents pour their waters. 
On the Eastern Shore the principal rivers are 
tiic Elk, the Sassafras, the Chester, the Chop- 
tank, Nanticoke, Wicomico, and Pocomoke; on 
the Western Shore the Gunpowder, the Pa- 
tapsco, the South, the Severn, the Patuxcnt, and 
the Potomac. At the head of the Bay the Sus- 
quehanna River draining a large section of New 
York and the whole of Central Penn.sylvani.i, 
brings its tribute of waters gathered from a hun- 
dred streams to freshen this inland sea. This 
body of water exercises a most genial and tem- 
pering influence on the climate of the bordering 
region. The winters arc short and rarely severe, 
'ilic average temperature of this pait of the 
State is in summer 75.5; winter, J6.9; for the 



MARYLAND 



year, 55.6. The soil of this section is of a 
light loam, favorable to the production of all 
the cereals, and all kinds of fruits and veg- 
etables in great abundance. The average 
elevation of the land above tide-water of 
this coastal region is about 50 feet in the 
lower part, and 100 feet in the upper part 
of the Eastern Shore; and about 125 feet in the 
peninsula part of the Western Shore, that is, 
that part of the State lying between the Chesa- 
peake Bay and the Potomac River. In the cen- 
tral or northern part of the State lying between 
the upper waters of the Bay and the Blue Ridge 
JMountains, the elevation is from 300 to 400 feet 
above tide-water, increasing to 600 and 700 feet, 
as it stretches from the bay shore to the moun- 
tains in the western part of the State. This 
part of the State is undulating in its surface, is 
intersected by numerous streams, some of very 
considerable size, as the Gunpowder, the Pa- 
tapsco, the Patuxent, the Monocacy, Great Pipe 
Creek, the Antietam, and the Conococheague. 
These streams, generally called falls by the 
early settlers of this region on account of 
their rapid descent from the uplands, fur- 
nish abundant water power for manufac- 
turing purposes. This region is also inter- 
sected by several ridges of an elevation of 
about 800 feet, dividing the country into rich 
and fertile valleys. This section is traversed by 
the Blue Ridge range of mountains, some of 
whose peaks are from 2,000 to 2,400 feet high. 
The great Appalachian chain passes through the 
western part of the State, through Allegany 
and Garrett counties. 'The highest peak of this 
range is Backbone Mountain in Garrett County, 
3,700 feet high. Other peaks range from 1,500 
to 3,500 feet in elevation. 

Geology. — The geological formations vary 
with the surface elevations. The southern sec- 
tion of both the eastern and western shores is 
alluvial ; north of the alluvial deposit is a Ter- 
tiary formation ; northwest of this come meta- 
morphic rocks ; west of them a wide belt of 
Silurian and Devonian formation ; and still 
farther west Carboniferous strata beginning at 
Cumberland. In the Tertiary we find marl in 
abundance ; in the metamorphic rocks gneiss, 
granite, limestone, and iron ; in the Carbonifer- 
ous extensive veins of bituminous coal of the best 
quality. Over 200 kinds of marble have been 
found in the State, some of them equal to the 
Italian marbles. 

Mineral Resources. — Maryland is rich in 
mineral resources. Iron ore is extensively dis- 
tributed throughout the western part of the 
State, and in the northern part of the Eastern 
Shore, and is of good quality for casting and 
other purposes. The iron industry is of early 
origin. Forges and furnaces were in opera- 
tion in the colony as early as 1649, and their 
products were used in the province and some- 
times exported to other colonies. Limestone 
also abounds throughout the middle and wes- 
tern parts of the State, furnishing a valuable fer- 
tilizer and an excellent material for roadbeds, 
for both of which purposes it is extensively used. 
Clay and kaolin of an excellent quality for 
bricks, tiles, and vi^ater mains and for pottery 
use, are found in great abundance throughout 
this region, especially in Harford and Balti- 
more counties. Baltimore brick ranks high for 
building purposes in fineness and durability. Of 
building stone there is a great variety and of 



superior quality in Maryland, Marble, .granite, 
gneiss and sandstone are found abundantly in 
Harford, Baltimore, Howard, Carroll, and 
Montgomery counties. The white marble of Bal- 
timore County is of a high character and repu- 
tation for monumental and building purposes, 
and for more than fifty years has been exten- 
sively used for public structures, churches, and 
private buildings in Washington, Baltimore, and 
other cities. The monoliths in front of the Cap- 
itol at Washington are from these quarries. 
The noble shaft erected by the nation to the 
father of his country was constructed almost 
wholly of this material. There are extensive 
quarries of granite and gneiss in Harford and 
Howard counties, which are profitably worked. 
Variegated marbles of a superior quality and sus- 
ceptible of a high finish are found in Frederick 
County. There are immense and almost inex- 
haustible deposits of coal and iron in Allegany 
and _ Garrett counties. The coal is of the rich, 
semi-bituminous variety, especially valuable for 
its steam-producing quality. The famous 
George's Creek Big Vein, 14 feet thick, is located 
just west of Cumberland. The total value of 
the mineral product of Maryland in 1900, in- 
cluding coal, iron, clay, and building stones, was 
$8,653,000. Coal heads the list with a value of 
$5,000,000; brick and tile follow with a value 
of $1,100,000. 

Agriculture. — In the Colonial period agri- 
culture was the principal employment of the peo- 
ple. Along the shores of the Bay and the rivers 
emptying into it, plantations were large and 
were cultivated by slave labor. Tobacco was 
the staple crop for which there was generally 
an active demand in the European markets on 
account of its quality. This led to an extensive 
commerce for that period, and brought wealth to 
the planters. Tobacco was for a long time the 
currency of the Colonies. Debts, dues, and fines 
were paid in that currency. The constant culti- 
vation of this plant gradually exhausted the 
soil. The planters took up new land, which, in 
time, underwent the same process of deteriora- 
tion. The growth was discouraged. Fertility 
has been restored to these impoverished' soils by 
the application of guano and other fertilizers ; 
and other kinds of crops are raised, and the 
average yield of wheat per acre in some sections 
is as large as the average is in some of the 
Western States. Tobacco is still cultivated 
largely, and a State inspection -of it is made. 
But the crops are much more diversified, wheat 
and corn being the principal ones. In the cen- 
tral and northern parts of the State, -the soil is 
of a clayey nature and very fertile. Carroll, 
Frederick, and Washington counties contain 
some of the best farming lands in the United 
States. The soil is rich, and the yield of wheat 
and corn per acre is large. The lands in Balti- 
more, Harford, and Montgomery counties are 
of the same general character, producing abun- 
dantly the same cereals, and also heavy vege- 
table and fruit crops for the markets and for can- 
ning purposes. Their proximity to large cities 
and the facilities they possess by railroad trans- 
portation make vegetable, truck, and dairy farm- 
ing very profitable. Throughout the coastal re- 
gion vacant land can be bought at from $5 to $10 
and $15 per acre; with improvements farms can 
be bought for from $20 to $35 per acre. In the 
central and northern sections there is very little- 
vacant land. But good farming lands in this 



MARYLAND 



region can be bought for from $50 to $100 and 
$125 per acre willi improvements. In 1900, the 
total number of farms in Alaryland was 4(3,012. 
Of this number 29,313 were cultivated by the 
owners ; 15,447 by tenants ; 1,052 by managers. 
The total value of the farms with buildings 
was $175,178,310. The average value of land 
per acre was $23.28. The amount realized on 
the large crops in 1900, that is for wheat, corn, 
oats, rye. tobacco, etc., was $20,814,371, and 
from fruit, vegetables, and truck farms was 
$15,195,629, making a total value of farm pro- 
ducts $35,000,000, The estimated value of the 
buildings $54,810,760, and the value of animal 
products, $13,606,877. 

The forest trees are principally pine, chest- 
nut, oak (with three varieties, white, black, and 
red), hickory, and walnut. The staple fruit 
crops are peach and apple, which cover many 
thousands of acres. Maryland peaches, fresh 
and canned, are exported to all quarters 
of the countrj'. Tomatoes, melons, small 
fruits, and all kinds of vegetables are cul- 
tivated on the Eastern Shore and sent to the 
markets of Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New 
York. The mountains still contain deer; and 
wild geese and swans are found in large num- 
bers at the proper season on the Bay and its 
tributaries, as well as woodcock, grouse, part- 
ridge, and turkeys. Immense flocks of wild 
ducks of various species throng the estuaries of 
the Chesapeake on the approach of cold weather. 
Fisheries. — From the earliest period of her 
history, fisheries attracted the attention of the 
people of Maryland. Her waters swarm with 
fish of every variet}^ and oysters and terrapin of 
superior flavor. The annual value of the sea 
food, fresh and canned, supplied by the Bay 
and its tributaries, amounts to $10,020,000. Of 
this amount oysters alone contribute $3,500,000. 
Manufactures. — Maryland by reason of her 
proximity to the sources of production of the 
raw material, to the great coal fields, and of the 
great water-power she possesses in her swiftly 
flowing streams, her unequaled facilities in water 
carriage, and her complete railroad connections 
with every part of the country, engaged early 
and successfully in manufactures. They em- 
braced .nearly every species, textiles, iron and 
steel, lumber, paper and printing, chemicals, 
clay, glass and stone, metals, tobacco, clothing, 
vehicles, shipbuilding of wood, iron, and steel, 
and hand trades. The manufacturing plants 
are mostly established in Baltimore, and its 
vicinity, and the cities of Cumberland, Hagcrs- 
town, and Frederick, and the small towns of the 
central and northern parts of the State. In 1903, 
the number of manufacturing establishments in 
the State was 11,529; the capital invested in 
them was $164,422,926; annual average number 
of employees, 108,325; value of the finished prod- 
uct, $242,552,990; average aimual wages, 
$38,762,961. In Baltimore alone, there were 
in 1903, 6,717 manufacturing establishments with 
a capital of $163,945,811, the annual value of 
whose product was $164,945,811, In manufac- 
turing industries, Baltimore ranks as seventh 
among the cities of the United States, being 
especially prominent in clothing, canning of 
fruit and vegetables, tobacco manufactures, and 
iron work. 

Shipbuilding^. — Living on the shores of the 
Bay and its estuaries, the ancient Marylandcr 
naturally took to boat and shipbuilding, and the 



fast-sailing clipper ships of Baltimore were, be- 
fore steam became the main motor power 
in propelling ships, famous for their swift- 
ness, and carried the flag and commerce 
of the United States to every part of the 
world. In 1900, Maryland ranked as the 
fifth State in shipbuilding. The capital in- 
vested in this business was $19,262,193, with a 
product valued at $10,563,193. There are four 
large plants engaged in iron and steel shipbuild- 
ing in Baltimore and vicinity. A large one re- 
cently established at Sparrow's Point, 12 miles 
from Baltimore, is engaged as well in the man- 
ufacture of structural iron and steel. Its prod- 
ucts in 1902 amounted in value to $3,299,491, 
and it gives employment to 2,000 workmen. 

Transportation. — The railroad mileage in the 
State is 1,366.07. The Pennsylvania and Balti- 
more & Ohio systems own the greater part 
of it. The first railroad in the United States, and 
on which the first locomotive was run, was built 
in 1830 between Baltimore and Ellicott City. 
The first line of telegraph in the United States 
was constructed and operated in 1844 between 
Baltimore and Washington. There are 35 lines 
of railway, either centring or passing through 
Baltimore, or directly or indirectly, in connec- 
tion with other roads, furnishing means of 
constant and rapid communication and inter- 
course with all the large cities of the Union 
and to every section of the country. Sixteen 
steamship and steamboat lines connect Balti- 
more with domestic and foreign ports. 

Commerce. — The imports of merchandise at 
the port of Baltimore for 1900 aggregated in 
value, $19,688,476; and the exports, $111,462,168; 
giving a total foreign trade of $131,150,644. The 
principal articles of export were oysters, tobaccp, 
coal, petroleum, grain, sugar, cotton, cattle, arid 
flour. 

State Finances. — The net amount of the debt 
of the State after deducting productive stocks 
and the sinking fund is $2,616,704.23. The total 
assessed value of property in the State is 
$666,857,893; of the city of Baltimore, 
$491,921,328: basis of taxation of the State out- 
side of Baltimore, $174,936,475. The rate of 
the State tax on 100 is 17 cents. The receipts 
of the State for the year 1900 amounted to 
$3,622,493; balance in treasury, $707,926; total, 
$4,330,419; disbursements, $3,480,534; cash bal- 
ance in treasury, $849,885. 

Government. — The governor is elected for 
a term of four years, and receives a salary of 
$4,500 per annum. Legislative sessions are held 
biennially in even years, beginning on the first 
Wednesday in January, and are limited in length 
to 90 d.'iys. The Legislature has 26 members in 
the Senate, and 91 in the House, each of whom 
receives $5.00 per day. There are 6 Represen- 
tatives in Congress. The State government in 
1901 was Democratic. 

The Judiciary. — The judiciary of the State 
is elective; the term of oflicc is 15 years. The 
court of appeals, the highest tribunal, consists of 
eiglit judges, seven of whom are tlie chief 
judges, resjicctively. of the .seven judicial dis- 
tricts into which the State is divided, and one 
frnni Baltimore. The governor designates the 
chief jtulge. The judicial .system of Baltimore 
is regulated differently from tliat of the coun- 
ties. The judiciary is composed of eight judges, 
constituting the supreme bench of the city. 



MARYLAND 



Religion. — The strongest denominations in 
the State are Roman Catholic; Methodist Epis- 
copal ; Protestant Episcopal ; Lutheran, General 
Synod ; African Methodist ; Methodist Protest- 
ant ; Reformed ; Methodist Episcopal, South ; 
Presbyterian, North; and Regular Baptist, 
South. In 1900 there were reported 2,531 Evan- 
gelical Sunday Schools, with 32,903 officers and 
teachers, and 206,156 scholars. 

Cliaritics and Correction. — There is a Board 
of State Aid and Charities appointed by the 
governor. The State Insane Asylums are at 
Sykesville and Spring Grove. The State Peni- 
tentiary is located at Baltimore ; also the House 
of Refuge for Boys, Saint Mary's Industrial 
School for Boys, Female House of Refuge, the 
School for the Blind, and School for the Colored 
Blind and Deaf, the State House of Correction 
for minor offenses against the law, located in 
Anne Arundel County, a State institution for 
education of the deaf and dumb in Frederick 
city. The Shepherd Asylum for the Insane, 
near Baltimore, established by Moses Shepherd. 

Education. — In 1694, Governor Nicholson, 
the second royal Governor appointed by William 
and Mary, who had assumed the government of 
the Colony, established at Annapolis King Wil- 
liam's College, which after the Revolution was 
changed into St. John's College, under which 
name it still exists. In 1750 Rev. Thomas Bacon 
established a manual training school in Talbot 
County, believed to be the first of the kind in 
the United States. In 1770 Eden Hall School 
was founded in Worcester County, and in 1784 
Cokesbury College, under the patronage of the 
Methodist denomination, was established in Ce- 
cil County. In 1774, Charlotte Hall School was 
established under State authority, and still is 
a beneficiary of the State. In 1784, Washington 
College was founded at Chestertown, Kent 
County. The Western Maryland College for 
the education of the youth of both sexes was 
established in 1868 in Westminster, Carroll 
County. It receives an annual donation from 
the State of $1,800. Under a series of acts of 
the General Assembly of the State, passed from 
time to time in compliance with the require- 
ments of Art. VIII. of the Constitution of 1867, 
there has been gradually evolved the present 
excellent and uniform system of free public 
schools, with a State superintendent at its head, 
throughout the State, maintained by an ade- 
quate revenue raised by general taxation. In 
1903 the expenditure for this purpose was $734,- 
683.05. 

The fund thus raised is distributed by the 
comptroller among the counties and city of Bal- 
timore, according to population. By an act 
passed in 1896, books for the pupils of the pub- 
lic schools are furnished free, and an annual 
tax is levied to meet this expenditure, which is 
$150,000. Colored schools are maintained 
throughout the State at the public expense, and 
they share in the distribution of the school fund 
equally with the whites. In 1903, there were 
2,357 schools in the State and 176 in Baltimore. 

The Maryland Agricultural College, under 
the patronage of the State, is located in Prince 
George's County. While especially established 
for the education of youth in scientific agricul- 
ture, it gives tuition in other branches of know- 
ledge, and in some of the mechanic arts. At- 
tached to it is an experimental farm conducted 



on a large scale. It has an annual donation of 
$9,000 from the State. There is also an agri- 
cultural school for colored youth, supported in 
part by the State. 

The public school system of the city of Balti- 
more is separate and distinct from that of the 
State. It was begun in 1829 with two schools^/- 
three teachers, and 269 pupils maintained by a 
system of local municipal taxation. In 1902, 
there were 129 schools in Baltimore, of which 
18 were for colored pupils; 1,636 teachers and 
66,399 pupils ; of these, 10,018 were colored pu- 
pils. The amount of expenditure for the sup- 
port of these schools in 1903 was $1,401,267. 
In connection with this system of public 
schools in Baltimore is a high school or college 
for advanced pupils, which is authorized to con- 
fer academic degrees upon its graduates, and 
two female high schools, a polytechnic or manual 
training school, and a kindergarten and a female 
high school for colored children. The Woman's 
College of Baltimore City for the instruction of 
women in the higher branches of learning, es- 
tablished by Rev. John Goucher of the JNIethodist 
Church, commands a clientele from nearly every 
State in the Union. There are in Baltimore four 
medical schools with hospitals attached ; one 
homoeopathic institute, three law schools, and 
one dental college. Besides these public insti- 
tutions there are m Baltimore and m several ot 
the counties of the State private academies of 
high character and excellence for the education 
of youth of both sexes, conducted by masters of 
experience and learning. In 1886 the late Enoch 
Pratt established in Baltimore the Enoch Pratt 
Free Library with an endowment of $1,058,000. 
The Mercantile Library is supported by private 
subscription. The Maryland Historical Society, 
founded in 1844, has a large library attached 
to it, especially valuable to students of history. 

The existing system of public schools was 
inaugurated under the provisions of the new 
city charter, adopted in 1898, and is under the 
control of a board of school commissioners ap- 
pointed by the mayor and city council. The 
board selects the superintendent. 

Higher Education. — From 1690, the date of 
an event known in Maryland history as the 
Protestant revolution, by which the government 
of the colony was taken out of the hands of the 
Proprietary and transferred to the king of Eng- 
land, to the American Revolution of 1776, the in- 
struction of Catholic youth by Catholic teachers 
was prohibited in Maryland by severe penalties. 
Catholic parents of wealth sent their sons and 
daughters to France or to the Netherlands for 
their education; those who could not afford to 
do this had to content themselves with tutors in 
their families. The Jesuit missionaries had 
secretly maintained, notwithstanding the prohibi- 
tion against them, two schools for boys, one at 
Whitemarsh, Charles County, and one at Bo- 
hemia Manor in Cecil County. The American 
Revolution emancipated the Catholics of Mary- 
land from the disabilities imposed by these in- 
tolerant laws. They were now free to educate 
their offspring without fear of fine or of for- 
feiture of property. The Reverend John Carroll, 
the first archbishop of Baltimore, at once devoted 
himself to provide for the educational wants not 
only of the Catholics, but of all others who should 
choose to avail themselves of the institutions he 



MARYLAND 



established. In this work he had the good for- 
tune to secure vahiable aid from an unexpected 
quarter. The French Revolution had driven into 
exile a large number of ecclesiastics of the 
Roman Catholic faith. Many of these had taken 
refuge in southern Maryland, where they found 
homes in the Catholic families resident in that 
part of the State. These gentlemen the Arch- 
bishop of Baltimore called to his assistance in 
this work. Rev. John Dubourg. afterward Arch- 
bishop of New Orleans, and of Besangon, France, 
became president of Georgetown University, 
founded in 1789, Rev. Francis Nagot, who, on his 
voyage to this country, had as a companion the 
celebrated Chateaubriand, became president of 
St. Mary's College, founded in Baltimore in 
1791, and the Rev. John Dubois, afterward first 
Archbishop of New York, became president of 
Mt. St. Mary's College, founded near Emmits- 
burg, Maryland, 1808. Associated with these dis- 
tinguished ecclesiastics and scholars as profes- 
sors in these institutions were several of their 
compatriots and fellow exiles. These gentlemen 
gave to these seats of learning a distinguished 
reputation which attracted a great number of 
students from other States and from other 
countries. They imparted not only a knowledge 
of the arts and sciences, but a culture and refine- 
ment which left an indelible impression on those 
who had the good fortune of receiving their in- 
structions. These institutions still remain and 
carry on the work so auspiciously begun. St. 
John's Literary Institution was established in 
Frederick in 1830 by Rev. John McElroy, S. J., 
and was largely patronized. In 1852, Loyola Col- 
lege was founded in Baltimore by the Jesuits, an 
order which has a world-wide fame as educators 
of youth "in virtue and learning," to quote the 
language of an Act of the Colonial Assembly of 
1671. 

The celebrated I\Irs. Eliza Seton, foundress 
of the Sisters of Charity in the United States, 
established a school near Emmitsburg for the 
education of women, in 1809. The Order of the 
Visitation established female schools in George- 
town, Baltimore, and Frederick ; the Carmelites 
in Baltimore, and the Sisters of Notre Dame in 
Baltimore City and Baltimore County. The 
Christian Brothers began their great work in 
primary education in Baltimore, 1845. In 1875, 
Johns Hopkins University, named after its 
munificent founder, John Hopkins, was estab- 
lished in Baltimore. Though the youngest of 
our great universities, it has attained a distin- 
guished rank among the great seats of learning 
of our country, and enjoys a high reputation 
abroad. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, con- 
nected with the Johns Hopkins Univcrsitv, is 
the medical department of that institution. It 
was endowed by the same generous benefactor. 
It is located in the eastern section of Baltimore, 
and the buildings cover several acres of ground. 
The members of its faculty occupy a high rank 
in the medical profession for their scientific 
attainments and experimental knowledge. In 
1867 George Peabody founded in Baltimore the 
Peabody Institute, Library, and Conservatory of 
Music. The library furnisher uncqualcd facil- 
ities to students and scholnre ir. the prosecu- 
tion of original investigation. The Alaryland 
Institute for the promotion of the mechanic arts 
was established in Baltimore in 1847. 
Vol. 10— 20. 



Provincial History. — Maryland was settled 
by a body of Englishmen under the auspices of 
Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore and 
the first Lord Proprietary of the Province, under 
a charter granted to him by Charles I. on 20 
June 1632. The charter was originally intended 
to be granted to Sir George Calvert, the first 
Lord Baltimore, and father of Cecilius; but that 
nobleman dying on 15 April 1632, after the char- 
ter had been drawn up, but before it passed the 
great seal, it was issued to Cecilius, his eldest 
son, the heir to his title and estates, and also 
to his schemes of colonization in America. In 
deference to the request of the king the name 
of Terra IMarise, the land of Mary, was given 
to the province, after the name of his queen, 
Henrietta Maria, the daughter of Henry IV'. of 
France. Sir George Calvert (q.v.), as the 
author of the charter, and the projector of 
the Province of Maryland, may be regarded as 
its real founder. When he arrived in Virginia 
he had reason to anticipate a civil, if not a cor- 
dial, reception from the authorities and people 
of the colony on the brief visit he proposed mak- 
ing. He was promptly met by a Dr. Pott, who, 
in the absence of the Governor, Sir John Har- 
vey, was acting in that capacity, and the coun- 
cil, with a tender of the oath of supremacy, 
which as a Catholic he could not take, and 
which it was known he could not take, and 
which they had no authority to require of 
him. Fie declined to take the oath, and leaving 
Ladj^ Baltimore and his family in Virginia, he 
sailed for England. On his arrival he applied for 
a charter and a grant of land north of the 
Potomac. The application was successful not- 
withstanding the opposition of the agents of 
Virginia in London, among whom was William 
Claiborne, of whom we are to hear more di- 
rectly. But before the charter passed the great 
seal, Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Balti- 
more, died, leaving his eldest son, Cecilius Cal- 
vert (q.v.) his heir and who was to become 
first Lord Proprietary of the Province of Mary- 
land. Cecilius zealously proceeded to execute 
his father's wishes and to carry out his plans 
for colonization under the charter. In this he 
was greatly delayed and hampered by the 
agents of the Virginia colony in London. They 
insisted on their objections to the charter, but 
on appeal to the Lords Commissioners of Plan- 
tations, that body in July 1633 overruled the 
objections and decided in Lord Baltimore's 
favor, and recommended to both parties the cul- 
tivation of friendly relations and good corre- 
spondence between them. This recommendation 
Cecilius Calvert always evinced, both by his in- 
structions to the governor and authorities of his 
Province, and in his own conduct, a desire to 
pursue; but his efforts in that direction met with 
no response on the part of the Virginia colo- 
nists. 

Tile main and principal objection urged by 
the Virginians to the Baltimore Ciiartcr was that 
it was an invasion of their chartered rights. At 
the time of the grant of the .Maryland ciiartcr, 
Virginia had no chartered rights. The chartor 
of the London or \'irginia Company had been 
vacated and annulled by a judgment of the 
King's Bench on a quo warranto proceeding, in- 
stituted for (iiat j)urpose, in i()24. eight years be- 
fore the Baltimore grant was issued. 'Iheir ob- 
jection on this ground was therefore wholly 
untenable. For, whatever may be said of the 



MARYLAND 



merits or demerits of that judgment, its legal 
effect to invest in the crown all right and title 
to the land granted in that charter to the com- 
pany, and all civil and political authority and 
jurisdiction conferred on the corporation, could 
not be questioned. Virginia thenceforth became 
a royal colony, and the right of the crown to 
carve out of the territory, thus resumed, any 
grants of land it chose to make, and to invest 
the grantees with any civil or political author- 
ity it chose to bestow, could not be questioned. 
The judgment being that of the highest court in 
England was final and conclusive. 

Nor were the inhabitants of Virginia at the 
time ill pleased with being relieved by that 
judgment of a government by a corporation, and 
erected into a royal colony. In 1643, when the 
question of a restoration of the charter of i6og 
was agitated, the House of Burgesses of Vir- 
ginia unanimously adopted and sent to the Com- 
mittee on Plantations of the Privy Council an 
earnest remonstrance against the proposal, and 
nothing more was heard of it. 

The boundaries of Maryland as laid down in 
the charter are as follows : Beginning at a 
point on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake 
Bay, known as Watkins Point, and running 
thence easterly to the ocean ; then by the ocean 
and Delaware Bay unto the fortieth parallel of 
latitude; thence by that parallel west to the true 
meridian of the first fountain of the Potomac; 
thence verging toward the south unto the far- 
ther bank of the said river, and following the 
same on the west and south to the mouth of 
said river ; and thence across the bay to the place . 
of beginning. On comparing the boundaries set 
forth in the charter with the present limits of 
the State, it will be seen that Maryland has suf- 
fered a very considerable curtailment of the ter- 
ritory granted by the charter. The charter lim- 
its embraced the present State of Delaware, a 
strip of southern Pennsylvania 15 miles in width 
and 150 miles in length, embracing the site of 
Philadelphia ; and the valley between the north 
and south branches of the Potomac River ; con- 
stituting an area equal in extent to one third of 
the existing territorial area of the State. Against 
these flagrant encroachments on their territory 
both on the north and the south, Cecilius Calvert 
and his son and successor, Charles, offered strong 
but ineffectual protest and resistances, owing to 
the disturbed condition of the colony during the 
greater part of their proprietaryship. The con- 
troversy with the Penns in regard to the north- 
ern boundary of the province — the 40th par- 
allel of latitude, according to the Baltimore 
charter — was of long standing, and led to much 
acrimony between the parties to it, and to ac- 
tual, but bloodless, conflicts between the inhab- 
itants on the border of the two provinces, 
Maryland and Pennsylvania. In these conflicts 
Col. Thomas Cresap, the noted Indian fighter 
and Revolutionary officer, figured conspicuously 
on the part of Maryland. The controversy was 
finally settled in 1762 by a decree of Lord Chan- 
cellor Hardwicke in the case of Penn 
V. Baltimore, under which the present boun- 
dary line between these States was run and 
marked by two English surveyors, Charles Ma- 
son and Jeremiah Dixon. This line, known 
as Mason and Dixon's line, subsequently became 
famous in our political annals as the dividing 
line between the free and the slave States. 

In 1852, the General Assembly of Maryland 



passed an Act conceding to Virginia all her 
right and title to the territory between the north 
and south branches of the Potomac. In 1877, 
a joint commission, appointed by Maryland and 
Virginia, determined the boundary line on the 
south between these States to be the Virginia 
or farther shore of the Potomac River at low- 
water mark; thus conceding the whole river to 
Maryland as her charter prescribed. The con- 
troversy concerning the strip of territory on the 
western frontier is still open and pending in 
the Supreme Court of the United States, between 
Maryland and West Virginia. Of the terri- 
tory thus granted, the Lords Baltimore were 
created true and absolute Lords Proprietaries ; 
they were invested with all the regal rights, juris- 
dictions, prerogatives, privileges, and franchises 
ever held or exercised by a bishop of Durham 
in the county of Durham. The Lord Proprietary 
could establish courts, appoint judges and all 
the executive officers of the Province from the 
governor to the constable of the hundred ; es- 
tablish ports ; erect manors, and confer on the 
grantees the manorial rights recognized by Eng- 
lish law, including the authority to hold courts 
baron and courts leet ; could coin money ; could 
appoint the members of the Governor's Council, 
which in time became the upper House of the 
General Assembly; could initiate all rules and 
ordinances for the government of the colony. 
Writs and indictments were in his name ; he 
could pardon all crimes save treason. It was 
in the opinion of historians the most extensive 
grant of powers and jurisdiction that ever eman- 
ated from the English Crown, and made the 
Proprietary a quasi-sovereign within his domain. 
It was the grant of a palatinate. The charter 
was also a constitution of government securing 
to the colonists their rights as Englishmen. 

Cecilius Calvert went zealously to work at 
once and organized an expedition consisting 
of about 300 persons, mostly Roman Catholics 
with their families and servants, and a considera- 
ble body of artisans and laborers. The expedi- 
tion sailed from Cowes on board the Ark and 
Dove, on 22 Nov. 1633, being St. Cecilia's 
day. Two Jesuit missionaries, Fathers Andrew 
White and John Altham, accompanied the ex- 
pedition. After a perilous voyage of four 
months, the colonists reached the mouth of the 
Potomac, and landed on an island they named 
Saint Clements, on 25 March 1634, the feast of 
the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 
and, according to the method of reckoning time 
then prevailing, the first day of the New Year. 
They erected a rude cross, and the Jesuit Fathers 
celebrated mass, and in the name of the King 
and of the Lord Proprietary, the colonists took 
possession of their new homes. Leonard Cal- 
vert, the brother of Cecilius, the commander of 
the expedition and the first governor of the 
Province, purchased from a tribe of Indians on 
the mainland a village and 30 square miles of 
contiguous territory. Here he established his 
capital and called it Saint Marie's. The col- 
onists cultivated friendly relations with the 
aborigines, relations which were maintained 
almost uninterruptedly for the first 50 years of 
the colony's existence. The colonists erected a 
governor's house and a guard house, cultivated 
Indian maize, planted orchards and gardens, and 
soon Saint Marie's blossomed like a rose in the 
wilderness. But evil days were in store for 
them. 



MARYLAND 



William Claiborne, a member of the Virginia 
colony, and one of their agents in London, 
in opposing the grant of Alaryland to Lord Balti- 
more, had while in England on that errand, ob- 
tained from Sir William Alexander, the secre- 
tary of state for Scotland, a license to trade to 
Nova Scotia, of which Alexander had acquired 
a grant. On his return to Virginia, he supple- 
mented that license b}' another from the gov- 
ernor and council of Virginia to trade wnth 
IManhattan, the Dutch settlement, and New 
England. These were simple licenses to trade 
and contained no grant of land whatever. To 
facilitate his trade, he established a trading post 
on Kent Island in the Chesapeake Bay and within 
the limits of the grant about being made to 
Calvert. Lord Baltimore instructed Governor 
Calvert to require of Claiborne an acknowledg- 
ment of his authority, assuring him protection 
and security in whatever just rights he pos- 
sessed. This Claiborne refused to do, and was 
supported in his refusal by the governor and 
council of Virginia to whom he referred the 
demand for advice. A controversy arose speed- 
ily ending in a conflict between the forces of 
Governor Calvert and an armed pinnace com- 
manded by one of Claiborne's men. In this con- 
flict lives were lost on both sides. Thus for the 
first time was American soil stained by English 
blood shed by English hands. Claiborne finally 
took refuge in Virginia, and Kent Island ac- 
knowledged the autliority of the Lord Proprie- 
tary. The lords commissioners of plantations 
in 1638 ignored, on appeal, Claiborne's preten- 
sions and sustained Lord Baltimore. One Rich- 
ard Ingle, who seems to have had some connec- 
tion with Claiborne, afterward invaded the 
Province with an armed force, took Saint 
!Marie's, which he partially destroyed, compelled 
Governor Calvert to fly the province, and car- 
ried on for some time a general pillage of the 
inhabitants. Governor Calvert gathered a suf- 
ficient force of the colonists and compelled 
Ijngle to desist from his piratical excursions and 
leave the Province. 

The colony was now at peace, and owing to 
the genial climate, the fertile soil, favorable 
conditions of plantation, and the mild, tolerant 
and beneficent sway of the Proprietary and his 
government, it quickly attracted settlers and the 
population grew apace. This happy and pros- 
perous condition of things continued for some 
years. In 1643 a colony of Puritans who had 
settled in Virginia, were expelled by the author- 
ities of that colony for non-conformity in their 
religious worship with the Church of England. 
They took refuge in Maryland and solicited and 
obtained from the governor a large tract of land 
on the Severn where they made a settlement 
and named it Providence. 

In 1650 they availed tliemselves of the Revolu- 
tion in England, by which the government in 
church and state was overthrown by the Protec- 
tor Cromwell, to start a revolution of their own 
in the Province alleging as the grounds therefor 
that their consciences would not permit tiiem 
to swear allegiance to a Catholic proprietary, or 
^ to allow the celebration of the mass and nf the 
l^-^ rites of * Catholic Church where they could pre- 
vent them, and they accordingly set up a govern- 
ment of their own. Governor Stone, who had 
succeeded Leonard Calvert, himself a Protestant 
and a sympathizer with the Parliamentary party 
in England, marched with a force to put down 



the revolt. He was defeated by the Puritans, 
himself and several others captured. The com- 
mander of the Puritans organized a drum-head 
court-martial, condemned Governor Stone and 
the prisoners to death, and did execute four of 
them. Governor Stone was saved by the refusal 
of the soldiers to execute the order of their com- 
mander for his assassination. The rebels then 
appealed to Cromwell for the ratification of their 
acts. The Protector sustained them in the usur- 
pation of the government of the Proprietary, but 
refused to sanction their attempt to rob him of 
his property. On the restoration of Charles 11. 
to the throne, the usurpation ended and the 
Lord Proprietary's government was re-estab- 
lished. Cecilius Calvert died in 1675, and was 
succeeded by his son Charles, the third Lord 
Baltimore and the second Proprietary of the 
Province. Cecilius has expended £40,000, a 
very large sum for that period, on the colony, 
and his rule had been marked by singular 
good sense, practical judgment, a liberal 
and enlightened policy on the subject of re- 
ligious freedom, care and solicitude for the 
rights and interests of those one might call his 
subjects. Charles followed generally the ex- 
ample of his father in the government of the 
colonj'. Full representative government became 
firmly established, the governor and his council 
constituting the Upper House and delegates 
elected from the counties forming the Lower 
House of the Assembly. Between these Houses 
therewas occasional friction on the subject of 
taxation, the dues claimed by the Lord Pro- 
prietary and the administration of the affairs of 
the land oflice by his lordship's agents. 

In 1680. on the occasion of the expulsion 
of James II. and the accession of William and 
Mary to the throne of England, there occurred in 
the Province what is known as the Protestant 
revolution. The government of the colonies 
was taken out of the hands of Charles, Lord 
Baltimore; but his proprietary rights were not 
disturbed ; although efforts to do so were made 
by some of the inhabitants. In 1715, on the 
death of Charles, Benedict Leonard, his son, 
succeeded both to the governmental authority of 
the colony as well as to his proprietary rights, 
Benedict having become a member of the Church 
of England. Benedict lived but a few months, 
and was succeeded by Charles II., and fifth 
Baron of Baltimore, who, dying 24 April 175 1, 
was succeeded by Frederick, the sixth Lord Bal- 
timore and the fifth Lord Proprietary. Frederick 
died in 1771, leaving no legitimate offspring. 
He devised the Province by will to his natural 
son, Henry Harford, who was the sixtii and last 
Proprietary of Maryland. The American Revo- 
lution in 1776 terminated forever all royal 
authority as well as proprietary rule over Mary- 
land. 

State History. — Under the i6th section of 
the charter to Cecilius Calvert, Maryland en- 
joyed a special exemption from all taxation by 
the British government. But she promptly ca^^t 
in her lot with her sister colonies in the struggle 
for independence. She sent 20.000 of her best 
sons to the Continental army under Washing- 
ton, who distinguished themselves by their gal- 
lantry and good conduct. While .Maryland by her 
delegates participated in the deliberations of the 
Continental Congress and answered its retpiisi- 
tions for men and money, she persistently de- 
clined signing the Articles of Confederation 



MARYLAND 



until the States of VIj"ginia, Massachusetts, Con- 
necticut, New York, North Carolina and Georgia, 
■which claimed the territory west of the Alleghany 
Ivlountains, should surrender that territory and all 
claim and title to it, whether well or ill founded to 
the United States in Congress assembled, to be 
held by that body as the common patrimony of all 
the states, and to form in time, in the language of 
the resolution of her General Assembly, *free, 
convenient and independent states.^^ This sur- 
render was ultimately made, and Maryland signed 
the articles on i March 1781. Thus was a 
National public domain secured to the United 
States. It was for the government of this 
territory that the celebrated ordinance of 1787 
was framed. 

Maryland was the seventh State to join the 
American Union under the existing Constitution 
of the United States. She ceded in 1790 to the 
United States the territory on which Washing- 
ton, the capital of the Nation, now stands. In 
the War of 1812 Maryland was the theatre of 
extensive military and naval operations on the 
part of Great Britain against the United States. 
A large force of British troops under the com- 
mand of General Ross, supported by a fleet op- 
erating in the Bay and the Potomac River, and 
commanded by Admiral Cockburn, invaded 
Maryland, captured Washington, destroyed the 
public buildings, including the Capitol, and then 
marched to the capture of Baltimore. The Mary- 
land troops under Gen. Smith and Gen. Strieker 
met the British troops at North Point, 12 miles 
from Baltimore City and defeated them with the 
loss of their commander, and the simultaneous 
attack by the British fleet on Fort McHenry that 
defended the entrance to the city by water, was 
repulsed. It was during this engagement be- 
tween the fleet and the fort, that Francis Scott 
Key, who was on board the British fleet as a 
prisoner, wrote the National anthem, the ^*Star- 
Spangled Banner.^^ Had Baltimore been cap- 
tured, Philadelphia, the next point of attack, 
would probably have fallen. A column of Brit- 
ish troops would have entered the North from 
Canada, and have effected or attempted to effect, 
a junction with the victorious British army, 
while the Western frontier, from the Lakes 
to the Gulf, would have been aflame with 
an insurrection of the hostile Indian tribes 
instigated by British emissaries. The de- 
feat at North Point and Fort McHenry frus- 
trated this dangerous scheme. Maryland sent 
several regiments to the IMexican War, and many 
of her sons fell on the field of honor while 
gallantly leading their regiments. During the 
Civil War sentiment in Maryland as in the other 
border States, was divided. But while a ma- 
jority of her citizens sympathized with the South, 
the State did not secede. Many of her sons 
joined the Confederate army, while others en- 
listed in the Federal regiments. Since Mary- 
land became a State she has had four constitu- 
tions; one adopted in 1776, one in 1851, one in 
1864, and the last and present one adopted in 
1867. In the year 1880, Baltimore (q.v.) cele- 
brated its 150th anniversary with a week of 
festivities, and in 1884 the 250th anniversary of 
the landing of the colonists was celebrated. In 
1891, a monument was erected to Leonard Cal- 
vert, the first governor, on the site of the old 
city of Saint Mary's, the first capital of the 
State, of which scarcely a trace remains. 



Religious Toleration in Maryland. — The sub- 
ject of_ religious toleration in Maryland has 
given rise to much discussion and controversy 
as to its origin, and to whom belongs the honor 
of originating it. The fact that religious free- 
dom prevailed in the colony from its foundation 
in 1634 to the Protestant revolution in 1690 
with a brief interruption during the Puritan 
usurpation in 1650-60, is not denied. During 
this period there was no established church, no 
taxation for the support of one, no compulsory 
attendance on its services. There was perfect 
equality before the law for all Christian denom- 
inations. After that revolution, in 1692, the 
Church of England was established by an act of 
the Provincial Legislature, although the mem- 
bers of that Church were greatly outnumbered 
by Roman Catholics, Dissenters and Quakers. 
By this act conformity with its worship, and 
the use of the Book of Common Prayer in every 
chapel or place of worship in the Province, were 
prescribed; and an annual tax of 40 pounds 
of tobacco was levied on all the inhabitants for 
the support of the Church. In 1702, Presby- 
terians, Quakers, and other non-conformists were 
relieved of some of the disabilities and burdens 
imposed by the act, but those imposed on Catho- 
lics _ remained. The penal statutes of England 
against the profession and practice of the Ro- 
man Catholic faith were made operative in 
Maryland by several acts of the General Assem- 
bly of the province, especially by the act of 1718, 
which incorporated bodily into the legislation 
of the colonj^ the prescriptive statutes of 11 and 
12 William HI. Under this intolerant legisla- 
tion several Roman Catholic families left the 
Province and took refuge in Pennsylvania, under 
the milder rule of the Penns ; and in 1750 Charles 
Carroll, grandfather of the Carroll of Carroll- 
ton, went to France to obtain from Louis XV. 
a grant of land in the Louisiana territory to 
which to remove the Roman Catholics of Mary- 
land as a body. In this he did not succeed and 
the Catholics remained in the province. This 
religious intolerance continued to the period of 
the American Revolution. 

Some writers have attributed this early tol- 
eration to the charter of Charles I. to Cecilius 
Calvert, and have therefore attributed the honor 
of originating it to that monarch, the friend of 
Laud and Strafford, and during the early part 
of whose reign Roman Catholics and non-con- 
formists were equally proscribed. The statement 
of this claim on behalf of Charles I. bears its own 
refutation. Besides, the charter remained the 
fundamental law of the Province during both 
the tolerant and intolerant periods of its his- 
tory, and it gave no shield or protection to the 
Roman Catholics persecuted for their faith dur- 
ing the latter period, or during the brief regime 
of the Puritans in 1650-60. It is plain, there- 
fore, that the honor does not belong to Charles 
I. and that toleration is not to be found in the 
provisions of the Charter. 

The originators of this liberal and enlightened 
policy of religious toleration were Sir George 
Calvert and his son Cecilius, and to them and 
to them only, belongs the honor of its origin. 
When Sir George visited his Province*of Ava- 
lon in Newfoundland in 1627-8, just after his 
conversion to the Roman Catholic Church, he 
erected a Roman Catholic Chapel and a Protest- 
ant place of worship at the same time, and 
secured for the latter the ministrations of one 



MARYLAND 



Rev. Erasmus Stourton, This divine, on his 
return to England, lodged an information against 
Lord Baltimore for permitting the celebration 
of the mass in his colony. If prosecuted, this 
charge would have subjected Calvert, under the 
law of England, to a heavy fine, one half of 
which would have gone to the Reverend in- 
former, and to imprisonment. But owing per- 
haps to the favor of the king, or to the in- 
fluence of powerful friends at court, the prose- 
cution came to naught. 

Cecilius Calvert was 19 years of age, when, 
with his father and family, he became a Ro- 
man Catholic. The change of faith of father 
and son in the face of the intolerant laws 
and the still more intolerant sentiments of 
the times, furnish indisputable testimony to 
the sincerity of their convictions. They sac- 
rificed station, honors, offices. Both had been 
conscientious Protestants ; they were now become 
equally conscientious Roman Catholics. No two 
men in England were so capable as this father 
and son, to feel and realize by their experience 
— and their observation, as well — for it was 
the era of the Thirty Years' war with all its 
horrors — the wrong, the injustice, the folly and 
the crime of religious persecution; and they 
resolved that in any colony where they should 
hold sway, they would have none of it. This 
noble resolve Cecilius afterward faithfully and 
religiously adhered to throughout his long and 
eventful career, as Lord Proprietary, notwith- 
standing strong provocations and the free hand 
he had to abandon this enlightened and liberal 
policy he inaugurated in Maryland, if he had 
chosen to do so ; certainly as to the large body 
of dissenters and non-conformists with the 
Church of England. 

In his first instructions for the government 
of the Colony, given to his brother Leonard on 
the sailing of the expedition, he enjoined this 
policy on him, and repeated this injunction in 
subsequent instructions. These instructions 
Leonard, sharing no doubt the sentiments of his 
father and brother, faithfully carried out in 
his able administration of the affairs of the 
Province. 

In 1649, Lord Baltimore, exercising his right 
under the charter to initiate legislation, sent to 
Governor Calvert a body of sixteen laws to be 
submitted to, and enacted by, the Assembly. 
Among them was the celebrated Toleration Act 
of 1649. If not actually drawn up by Lord 
Baltimore himself, this Act was drawn up at his 
dictation. The Roman Catholic phraseology of 
some of the names used, and the identity of the 
language with that of the instructions previously 
sent out by him on this subject, leave no doubt 
on this point. ''Whereas." is the noble preamble 
to this Magna Charta of religious liberty, "the 
enforcing of the human conscience in matters of 
religion hath frequently fallen out to be of 
dangerous consequence in those commonwealths, 
in which it hath been practised, and for the more 
quiet and peaceable government of this Province, 
and the better to preserve mutual love and amitv 
amongst the inhabitants thcrenf. be it enacted 
that no person or persons whatsoever, within 
this Province professing to believe in Christ 
Jesus, should, from henceforth, be in any ways 
troubled, molested or discountenanced for or on 
respect of his or her religion, nor in the free 
exercise thereof, nor in any way compelled to the 
belief or exercise of any other religion against 



his or her consent.^' For any violation of this 
act, a fine was to be imposed and the offender 
was made liable to a civil suit for damages at 
the instance of the party injured. The act did 
not long remain on the statute book. When the 
Puritans overthrew the Proprietary's government 
in 1650, they convened a new Assembly. To 
this Assembly Roman Catholics were declared 
to be ineligible, and were not allowed to vote for 
members of it. The first thing this Assembly 
did was to repeal the act of 1649, and to pass one 
in^ lieu of it, which contained this provision, 
"That, nono who profess and exercise the Papis- 
tic religion, commonly known by the name of the 
Roman Catholic religion, can be protected in 
this Province, by the laws of England, formerly 
established and yet unrepealed, nor by the gov- 
ernment of the commonwealth of England. But 
are to be restrained from the exercise thereof ;* 
of which all persons concerned were required to 
take notice. By a subsequent clause of this act 
it was provided "that all persons who professed 
faith in Christ Jesus . . . shall not be re- 
strained . . . provided that this liberty 
shall not be extended to popery or prelacy.^* 
This excluded Roman Catholics and Episcopal- 
ians. The contrast between the acts of 1649 and 
1654 is striking. On the restoration of the Pro- 
prietary to his government in 1660, the first 
thing done was to repeal this law and put the 
act of 1649 again on the statute book; and 
there it remained until, as a result of the Protest- 
ant revolution in 1690, it was again repealed and 
followed by a body of severe and stringent laws 
against Roman Catholics, which made the Pro- 
prietary himself as long as he remained a Catho- 
lic, and the Catholic Colonists the only outlaws 
for conscience sake in a Province, opened by their 
liberality to the professors of every Christian 
Creed. This condition of things continued until 
1776. In the Declaration of Rights which pref- 
aced the first Constitution of the State of Mary- 
land adopted in that year, the principle of re- 
ligious liberty announced for the first time in 
1649 was enlarged and proclaimed as the in- 
alienable right of the citizen, and a part of the 
fundamental law. 

Pof>ulation. — Maryland had a population in 
1790 of 319,728; (1S50), 583.034: (1870), 780,- 
844; (1890), 1,042,390; (1900), 1,188.044. In 
1900 the negro population was 235,064; foreign 
born, 93,834. The principal cities are Baltimore 
(pop. 508,957); Cumberland (17,128); Hagers- 
town (13.591); Frederick (9,296); and An- 
napolis (q.v.) 3,525. 

The Press. — There are six daily papers pub- 
lished in Baltimore: 'The Sun,> established in 
1837; 'The American, > established in 1794; 
''[he Herald'; 'The German Correspondent'; 
'The Daily Record.' morning papers; 'The 
News'; 'The World,' afternoon ii.ijkms; three 
weekly papers, 'The Catholic Mirror' ; 'The 
Methodist Protestant.' and 'The Telegram.' 
Evcrv comity town has two newspapers. 

Bibliojiral^hy. — Rozmon. McMahon, McSlicrry, 
Sc'iarf, 'Histories of Maryland'; Browne, 
'History of a Palatinate'; Hall's 'Lords Balti- 
more' : Maryland Geological. T,and Office, and 
.Statistical Reports; 'Marvlnnd Archives'; 
Mnrvland Historical .Soc-ety Publications; Fiske. 
'Virginia and Her Neighbors,' and 'Critical 
Period in History of the United States^ ; 
Foard's 'Maryland as It Is'; Adam's 'T.and 
Cessions.' a. Leo Knott, Baltimore. Md. 



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